Can knowledge of performance feedback improve performance without any learning taking place?

Knowledge of performance feedback can indeed improve an individual's performance without the presence of explicit learning taking place. Performance feedback provides individuals with a sense of their current abilities and outcomes, allowing them to adjust their behavior or strategy in order to enhance their performance. This improvement can occur through various mechanisms such as increased awareness of one's actions, heightened focus, and motivation to achieve better results based on the feedback received.

For instance, if a golfer receives feedback about their swing mechanics, that information may prompt them to adjust their stance or grip during play, leading to improved shots even if they haven't formally practiced or learned new techniques. The feedback effectively serves as a guide that influences behavior in the moment.

The other options indicate either a misunderstanding or limitations that do not apply universally. It's important to recognize that performance feedback can be beneficial to a broad range of players, not just professionals or under narrow circumstances. The ability to improve performance is not solely reliant on formal learning processes.