Changing the characteristics of the soil is considered the most effective way to address what issue on a golf course?

Changing the characteristics of the soil is indeed the most effective way to address surface drainage problems on a golf course. When the soil structure is altered—through practices such as aeration, amendments, or installation of drainage systems—it can lead to improved water permeability and better overall drainage. Good soil drainage is crucial in maintaining healthy turf, as excess water can lead to root rot and other issues that negatively affect both the aesthetics and playability of the course.

While improving soil fertility, pest management, and grass type selection are all important aspects of maintaining a golf course, they do not directly resolve problems related to water movement and pooling. Effective surface drainage is a foundational aspect of course maintenance that can influence these other areas indirectly, but its primary focus is on the physical properties of the soil that facilitate proper water management.